Systems and methods for primary-side regulation in off-line switching-mode flyback power conversion system

ABSTRACT

Switching-mode power conversion system and method thereof. The system includes a primary winding configured to receive an input voltage, and a secondary winding coupled to the primary winding and configured to, with one or more first components, generate, at an output terminal, an output voltage and an output current. Additionally, the system includes an auxiliary winding coupled to the secondary winding and configured to, with one or more second components, generate, at a first terminal, a detected voltage. Moreover, the system includes an error amplifier configured to receive the detected voltage and a first reference voltage and generate an amplified voltage based on at least information associated with a difference between the detected voltage and the first reference voltage. Also, the system includes a compensation component configured to receive the amplified voltage and generate a second reference voltage based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage.

1. CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional No. 61/084,982, filed Jul. 30, 2008, commonly assigned, incorporated by reference herein for all purposes.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to switching-mode power conversion systems. More particularly, the invention provides systems and methods for primary-side regulation with load compensation. Merely by way of example, the invention has been applied to off-line switching-mode flyback power conversion systems. But it would be recognized that the invention has a much broader range of applicability.

Flyback converters have been used extensively for its simple structure and low cost in low-power power supplies. But in conventional flyback converters, the output-voltage regulation is often performed with secondary-side feedback, using an isolated arrangement of opto-coupler and shunt regulator (e.g., TL431). Such arrangement usually increases the system cost, size, and power consumption.

FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram showing a conventional flyback switching-mode power conversion system with secondary-side control. As shown in FIG. 1, a PWM controller 110 is used to control and drive a power MOSFET, M1, which turns on and off to control the power delivered to the load on the secondary side.

To reduce the system cost and size of the flyback switching-mode power conversion system, the converter that employs the primary-side regulation has become popular for certain applications. In the primary-side regulation, the output voltage is sensed by detecting the voltage of the auxiliary winding that is tightly coupled to the secondary winding. Since the voltage of the auxiliary winding should image the output voltage associated with the secondary winding, the detected voltage can be utilized to regulate the secondary-side output voltage. Hence, the expensive parts of opto-coupler and shunt regulator (e.g., TL431) often are no longer needed in order to save system cost and size.

FIG. 2(A) is a diagram showing a conventional flyback switching-mode power conversion system with primary-side control. The output voltage V_(out) is mapped to the voltage signal V_(INV) at node INV. The adjustment of V_(INV) often results in the regulation of Vout.

For the primary-side regulation, relationship between V_(INV) and V_(out) can be expressed as follows.

$\begin{matrix} {V_{INV} = {{\frac{n \times R_{2}}{R_{1} + R_{2}}\left( {V_{out} + V_{D\; 2}} \right)} - {\frac{R_{2}}{R_{1} + R_{2}}V_{D\; 1}}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

where n is the turn ratio of the auxiliary winding to the secondary winding. V_(D1) and V_(D2) are the forward voltages across diodes D1 and D2.

Setting

${k = \frac{R_{1} + R_{2}}{n \times R_{2}}},$

V_(out) is therefore given by:

$\begin{matrix} {V_{out} = {{k \times V_{INV}} + {\frac{1}{n}V_{D\; 1}} - V_{D\; 2}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

The output voltage is regulated through the regulation of the voltage of the auxiliary winding. For example, the sensed voltage, V_(INV), is compared with the predetermined voltage level, V_(REF). The difference between V_(INV) and V_(REF), the error signal, is processed by the error amplifier to generate the amplified error signal. Based at least in part on the amplified error signal, the PWM/PFM signal is generated. The PWM/PFM signal controls turning on/off of the power switch thus the power delivered to the secondary side. As a result, the difference between V_(INV) and V_(REF) becomes smaller and smaller, and at the end, V_(INV) should equal to V_(REF).

Since V_(INV) is the image of the output voltage, V_(out), the output voltage is proportional to V_(INV), thus V_(REF) under certain conditions. Specifically, the output voltage is regulated at a constant level if the forward voltages across diodes D1 and D2 are constant, as shown below.

$\begin{matrix} {V_{out} = {{k \times V_{REF}} + {\frac{1}{n}V_{D\; 1}} - V_{D\; 2}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

However, for a given diode, the forward voltage is current dependent; hence V_(D2) changes if the load current changes. In contrast, V_(D1) can remain almost constant because the current that flows through the diode D1 changes little when the output load current changes.

Moreover, the voltage drop across the output cable line is also proportional to the output load current. Therefore, the scheme as described above often has poor load-voltage regulation due to the voltage drops of the diode D2 and the output cable line.

Assuming resistance of the output cable line is r, we have

$\begin{matrix} {V_{out} = {{k \times V_{REF}} + {\frac{1}{n}V_{D\; 1}} - V_{D\; 2} - {I_{o} \times r}}} & (4) \end{matrix}$

where I_(o), is the output load current. Since different magnitudes of the load current result in different voltage drops of the diode D2 and the output cable line, the output voltage V_(out) is not constant at various output current levels. The output voltage V_(out) decreases as the output current I_(o), increases.

FIG. 2(B) is a simplified diagram showing conventional output characteristics of a conventional flyback switching-mode power conversion system with primary-side control. As shown in FIG. 2(B), the output voltage decreases as the output load current increases. Often, the load regulation variation in such scheme is about 10% which usually cannot meet the requirements of most applications.

Therefore, it is highly desirable to improve techniques for output voltage regulation.

3. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to switching-mode power conversion systems. More particularly, the invention provides systems and methods for primary-side regulation with load compensation. Merely by way of example, the invention has been applied to off-line switching-mode flyback power conversion systems. But it would be recognized that the invention has a much broader range of applicability.

According to one embodiment of the present invention, a switching-mode power conversion system includes a primary winding configured to receive an input voltage, and a secondary winding coupled to the primary winding and configured to, with one or more first components, generate, at an output terminal, an output voltage and an output current. Additionally, the system includes an auxiliary winding coupled to the secondary winding and configured to, with one or more second components, generate, at a first terminal, a detected voltage. Moreover, the system includes an error amplifier configured to receive the detected voltage and a first reference voltage and generate an amplified voltage based on at least information associated with a difference between the detected voltage and the first reference voltage. Also, the system includes a compensation component configured to receive the amplified voltage and generate a second reference voltage based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, and a summation component configured to receive the second reference voltage and a predetermined reference voltage and generate the first reference voltage. Additionally, the system includes a signal generator configured to receive at least the amplified voltage and generate one or more control signals based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, a gate driver configured to receive the one or more control signals and generate a drive signal based on at least information associated with the one or more control signals, and a switch configured to receive the drive signal and affect a first current flowing through the primary winding. The one or more first components include a first diode, through at least the first diode the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal. The compensation component is further configured to generate the second reference voltage such that the output voltage is substantially independent of the output current.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, a switching-mode power conversion system includes a primary winding configured to receive an input voltage, and a secondary winding coupled to the primary winding and configured to, with one or more first components, generate, at an output terminal, an output voltage and an output current. Additionally, the system includes an auxiliary winding coupled to the secondary winding and configured to, with at least one or more second components, generate, at a first terminal, a detected voltage. Moreover, the system includes an error amplifier configured to receive the detected voltage and a predetermined reference voltage and generate an amplified voltage based on at least information associated with a difference between the detected voltage and the predetermined reference voltage. Also, the system includes a compensation component configured to receive the amplified voltage and generate a compensation current based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, the compensation current flowing between the first terminal and the compensation component. Additionally, the system includes a signal generator configured to receive at least the amplified voltage and generate one or more control signals based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, a gate driver configured to receive the one or more control signals and generate a drive signal based on at least information associated with the one or more control signals, and a switch configured to receive the drive signal and affect a first current flowing through the primary winding. The one or more first components include a first diode, through at least the first diode the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal. The compensation component is further configured to generate the compensation current such that the output voltage is substantially independent of the output current.

According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method for regulating an output voltage by a switching-mode power conversion system includes receiving an input voltage by a primary winding. Additionally, the method includes generating, at an output terminal, an output voltage and an output current based on at least information associated with the input voltage, by a secondary winding and one or more first components, the one or more first components including a first diode, through at least the first diode the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal. Moreover, the method includes generating, at a first terminal, a detected voltage based on at least information associated with the output voltage, by an auxiliary winding and one or more second components. Also, the method includes receiving the detected voltage and a first reference voltage by an error amplifier, generating an amplified voltage based on at least information associated with a difference between the detected voltage and the first reference voltage, and receiving the amplified voltage by a compensation component. Additionally, the method includes generating a second reference voltage based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, receiving the second reference voltage and a predetermined reference voltage by a summation component, and generating the first reference voltage equal to the second reference voltage and a predetermined reference voltage in magnitude. Moreover, the method includes receiving at least the amplified voltage by a signal generator, generating one or more control signals based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, receiving the one or more control signals by a gate driver, and generating a drive signal based on at least information associated with the one or more control signals. Also, the method includes receiving the drive signal by a switch, and affecting a first current flowing through the primary winding, based on at least information associated with the drive signal. The process for generating a second reference voltage is performed such that the output voltage is substantially independent of the output current.

According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method for regulating an output voltage by a switching-mode power conversion system, the method includes receiving an input voltage by a primary winding. Additionally, the method includes generating, at an output terminal, an output voltage and an output current based on at least information associated with the input voltage, by a secondary winding and one or more first components, the one or more first components including a first diode, through at least the first diode the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal. Moreover, the method includes generating, at a first terminal, a detected voltage based on at least information associated with the output voltage, by an auxiliary winding and one or more second components. Also, the method includes receiving the detected voltage and a predetermined reference voltage by an error amplifier, generating an amplified voltage based on at least information associated with a difference between the detected voltage and the predetermined reference voltage, and receiving the amplified voltage by a compensation component. Additionally, the method includes generating a compensation current based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, the compensation current flowing between the first terminal and the compensation component. Moreover, the method includes receiving at least the amplified voltage by a signal generator, generating one or more control signals based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, receiving the one or more control signals by a gate driver, and generating a drive signal based on at least information associated with the one or more control signals. Also, the method includes receiving the drive signal by a switch, and affecting a first current flowing through the primary winding, based on at least information associated with the drive signal. The process for generating a compensation current is performed such that the output voltage is substantially independent of the output current.

Many benefits are achieved by way of the present invention over conventional techniques. Certain embodiments of the present invention reduce parts count and/or system cost. Some embodiments of the present invention improve reliability and/or efficiency. Certain embodiments of the present invention simplify circuit designs. Some embodiments of the present invention improve load regulation of the flyback power conversion system with pulse-width-modulation (PWM) control and primary-side regulation.

Depending upon embodiment, one or more of these benefits may be achieved. These benefits and various additional objects, features and advantages of the present invention can be fully appreciated with reference to the detailed description and accompanying drawings that follow

4. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram showing a conventional flyback switching-mode power conversion system with secondary-side control.

FIG. 2(A) is a diagram showing a conventional flyback switching-mode power conversion system with primary-side control.

FIG. 2(B) is a simplified diagram showing conventional output characteristics of a conventional flyback switching-mode power conversion system with primary-side control.

FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram showing a switching-mode power conversion system with primary-side control and load compensation according to one embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a simplified diagram showing a switching-mode power conversion system with primary-side control and load compensation according to another embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram showing VCMP as a function of I_(o) for the switching-mode power conversion system under the PWM control according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 6 is a simplified diagram showing VCMP as a function of I_(o) for the switching-mode power conversion system under the PFM control according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram showing certain components for load compensation in the switching-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram showing certain components for load compensation in the switching-mode power conversion system according to an embodiment of the present invention.

5. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to switching-mode power conversion systems. More particularly, the invention provides systems and methods for primary-side regulation with load compensation. Merely by way of example, the invention has been applied to off-line switching-mode flyback power conversion systems. But it would be recognized that the invention has a much broader range of applicability.

FIG. 3 is a simplified diagram showing a switching-mode power conversion system with primary-side control and load compensation according to one embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. A switching-mode power conversion system 300 includes an error amplifier 310, resistors 312 and 314, a PWM/PFM generator 320, a logic control component 325, a gate driver 330, a switch 340, a load compensation component 350, a summation component 360, a primary winding 370, a secondary winding 372, an auxiliary winding 374, and diodes 380, 382 and 384. In one embodiment, the components 310, 320, 325, 330, 350, and 360 are located on a chip 390. For example, the chip 390 includes at least terminals 392 and 394.

As shown in FIG. 3, a reference voltage V_(ref) is compensated based on at least the output loading. For example, an output voltage V_(out) is regulated by adjusting V_(INV), which is the voltage at the terminal 392 (i.e., the terminal INV). In another example, the output of the error amplifier 310 is represented by V_(CMP), which is the voltage at the terminal 394 (i.e., the terminal CMP).

The voltage V_(CMP) is received by the PWM/PFM generator 320, which through the logic control component 325 and the gate driver 330 determines the duty cycle of a drive signal 332. The drive signal 332 is received by the switch 340. For example, the switch 340 is an NMOS transistor. In one embodiment, the PWM/PFM generator 320, through the logic control component 325 and the gate driver 330, determines the turn-on time of the switch 340 for the PWM control. In another embodiment, the PWM/PFM generator 320, through the logic control component 325 and the gate driver 330, determines the switching frequency for the pulse-frequency-modulation (PFM) control.

As shown in FIG. 3, higher magnitude of V_(CMP), for example, results in larger duty cycle of the drive signal 332 and thus higher power delivered to the output of the system 300. According to certain embodiments, V_(CMP) reflects the condition of the output loading for the system 300.

FIG. 4 is a simplified diagram showing a switching-mode power conversion system with primary-side control and load compensation according to another embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications. A switching-mode power conversion system 400 includes at least an error amplifier 410, resistors 412 and 414, a PWM/PFM generator 420, a logic control component 425, a gate driver 430, a switch 440, a load compensation component 450, a primary winding 470, a secondary winding 472, an auxiliary winding 474, and diodes 480, 482 and 484. In one embodiment, the components 410, 420, 425, 430, and 450 are located on a chip 490. For example, the chip 490 includes at least terminals 492 and 494.

As shown in FIG. 4, a voltage V_(INV) at the terminal 492 (i.e., the terminal INV) is compensated based on at least the output loading. For example, an output voltage V_(out) is regulated by adjusting V_(INV). In another example, the output of the error amplifier 410 is represented by V_(CMP), which is the voltage at the terminal 494 (i.e., the terminal CMP).

The voltage V_(CMP) is received by the PWM/PFM generator 420, which through the logic control component 425 and the gate driver 430 determines the duty cycle of a drive signal 432. The drive signal 432 is received by the switch 440. For example, the switch 440 is an NMOS transistor. In one embodiment, the PWM/PFM generator 420, through the logic control component 425 and the gate driver 430, determines the turn-on time of the switch 440 for the PWM control. In another embodiment, the PWM/PFM generator 420, through the logic control component 425 and the gate driver 430, determines the switching frequency for the PFM control.

As shown in FIG. 4, higher magnitude of V_(CMP), for example, results in larger duty cycle of the drive signal 432 and thus higher power delivered to the output of the system 400. According to certain embodiments, V_(CMP) reflects the condition of the output loading for the system 400.

In one embodiment, if the system 300 or 400 operates in the discontinuous-conduction-mode (DCM) with PWM control, the energy stored during the switch-on usually is fully delivered to the output, as shown below.

½f ₀ ×L×I _(PK) ² =V _(o) ×I _(o)  (5)

where f₀ is the switching frequency of the signal 332 or 432, and L is the inductance of the primary winding 370 or 470. Additionally, V_(o) is the output voltage of the system 300 or 400, and I_(o) is the output current of the system 300 or 400. For example, V_(o) is the same as V_(out) as shown in FIG. 3 or 4. Also, I_(PK) is the peak current of the primary winding 370 or 470 at, for example, the end of switch-on.

Moreover, I _(PK) =γ×V _(CMP)  (6)

where γ is a constant. If the switching frequency f₀ is constant for PWM control, then

$\begin{matrix} {V_{CMP} = {\frac{1}{\gamma}\sqrt{\frac{2V_{o}}{f_{o}L}}\sqrt{I_{o}}}} & (7) \end{matrix}$

As shown in Equation 7, if the output current I_(o) changes, the voltage V_(CMP) generated by the error amplifier 350 or 450 also changes as a result of regulation by the closed loop in FIG. 3 or 4.

FIG. 5 is a simplified diagram showing V_(CMP) as a function of I_(o) for the switching-mode power conversion system 300 or 400 under the PWM control according to an embodiment of the present invention. For example, the curve 500 is consistent with Equation 7.

In another embodiment, if the system 300 or 400 operates in the discontinuous-conduction-mode (DCM) with PFM control, the energy stored during the switch-on usually is fully delivered to the output, as shown below.

½f×L×I _(PK) ² =V _(o) ×I _(o)  (8)

where f is the switching frequency of the signal 332 or 432, and L is the inductance of the primary winding 370 or 470. Additionally, V_(o) is the output voltage of the system 300 or 400, and I_(o) is the output current of the system 300 or 400. For example, V_(o) is the same as V_(out) as shown in FIG. 3 or 4. Also, I_(PK) is the peak current of the primary winding 370.

Moreover, f=β×V _(CMP)  (9)

where β is a constant. If the peak current I_(PK) is constant for PFM control, then

$\begin{matrix} {V_{CMP} = {2\frac{V_{o} \times I_{o}}{\beta \times L \times I_{PK}^{2}}}} & (10) \end{matrix}$

As shown in Equation 10, the voltage V_(CMP) generated by the error amplifier 350 or 450 is proportional to the output power of the system 300 or 400, and is proportional to the output current I_(o) if the output voltage V_(o) is constant.

FIG. 6 is a simplified diagram showing V_(CMP) as a function of I_(o) for the switching-mode power conversion system 300 or 400 under the PFM control according to an embodiment of the present invention. For example, the curve 600 is consistent with Equation 10.

As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, V_(CMP) is a monotonic function of the output current I_(o) and thus can be used to generate compensation signals 352 and 452, represented by ΔV_(ref) in FIG. 3 and ΔI_(LC) in FIG. 4, respectively, according to certain embodiments of the present invention.

Returning to FIG. 3, for example, the compensation signal 352 is used to compensate for the voltage drops of the diode 380 (i.e., the diode D2) and the output cable line, at different output loading conditions. Thus, the output voltage V_(out) can be obtained as follows.

$\begin{matrix} {V_{out} = {{k \times \left( {V_{ref} + {\Delta \; V_{ref}}} \right)} + {\frac{1}{n}V_{D\; 1}} - V_{D\; 2} - {I_{o} \times r}}} & (11) \end{matrix}$

where V_(out) and I_(o) are the output voltage and the output current of the system 300 respectively. Additionally, n is the turn ratio of the auxiliary winding 374 to the secondary winding 372. V_(D1) and V_(D2) are the forward voltages across the diodes 384 and 380 respectively. Moreover, r is the resistance of the output cable line, V_(ref) is the voltage level of a reference signal 362, and ΔV_(ref) represents the compensation signal 352. As shown in FIG. 3, the compensation signal 352 depends on output loading conditions. Also,

$\begin{matrix} {k = \frac{R_{1} + R_{2}}{n \times R_{2}}} & (12) \end{matrix}$

where R₁ and R₂ are the resistance of the resistors 312 and 314, respectively.

$\begin{matrix} {\mspace{79mu} {{{If}\mspace{14mu} V_{D\; 2}} = {{V_{D\; 2}(0)} + {\Delta \; {V_{D\; 2}\left( I_{0} \right)}}}}} & (13) \\ {\mspace{79mu} {{then}{V_{out} = {{k \times V_{ref}} + {\frac{1}{n}V_{D\; 1}} - {V_{D\; 2}(0)} - {\Delta \; {V_{D\; 2}\left( I_{0} \right)}} - {I_{o} \times r} + {k \times \Delta \; V_{ref}}}}}} & (14) \end{matrix}$

where V_(D2)(0) denotes the forward voltage of the diode 380 with zero current that flows through the diode 380.

$\begin{matrix} {{{If}\mspace{14mu} k \times \Delta \; V_{ref}} = {{\Delta \; {V_{D\; 2}\left( I_{o} \right)}} + {I_{o} \times r}}} & (15) \\ {{then}\; {V_{out} = {{k \times V_{ref}} + {\frac{1}{n}V_{D\; 1}} - {V_{D\; 2}(0)}}}} & (16) \end{matrix}$

As shown in Equation 16, the output voltage V_(out) is independent of the output current I_(o), if Equation 15 is satisfied according to certain embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 7 is a simplified diagram showing certain components for load compensation in the switching-mode power conversion system 300 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

As shown in FIGS. 3 and 7, V_(CMP) is generated by the error amplifier 310 and received by the load compensation component 350. For example, the load compensation component 350 includes a gain component 750, such as an amplifier. In one embodiment, the gain component 750 converts V_(CMP) to ΔV_(ref), which is the voltage level of the compensation signal 352, as follows.

ΔV_(REF) =αV _(CMP)  (17)

where α is the gain of the gain component 750. According to certain embodiments, α is predetermined in order to approximately satisfy Equation 15, so that V_(out) can be approximated by Equation 16 and substantially independent of the output current I_(o).

For example, ΔV_(REF) increases as the output current increases. In another example, ΔV_(ref) is used to modulate the reference voltage V_(ref) in order to compensate for the voltage loss due to the output current.

According to another embodiment of the present invention, a switching-mode power conversion system includes a primary winding configured to receive an input voltage, and a secondary winding coupled to the primary winding and configured to, with one or more first components, generate, at an output terminal, an output voltage and an output current. Additionally, the system includes an auxiliary winding coupled to the secondary winding and configured to, with one or more second components, generate, at a first terminal, a detected voltage. Moreover, the system includes an error amplifier configured to receive the detected voltage and a first reference voltage and generate an amplified voltage based on at least information associated with a difference between the detected voltage and the first reference voltage. Also, the system includes a compensation component configured to receive the amplified voltage and generate a second reference voltage based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, and a summation component configured to receive the second reference voltage and a predetermined reference voltage and generate the first reference voltage. Additionally, the system includes a signal generator configured to receive at least the amplified voltage and generate one or more control signals based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, a gate driver configured to receive the one or more control signals and generate a drive signal based on at least information associated with the one or more control signals, and a switch configured to receive the drive signal and affect a first current flowing through the primary winding. The one or more first components include a first diode, through at least the first diode the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal. The compensation component is further configured to generate the second reference voltage such that the output voltage is substantially independent of the output current. For example, the switching-mode power conversion system is implemented according to at least FIG. 3. In another example, the switching-mode power conversion system is implemented according to at least FIGS. 3 and 7.

In another example, the compensation component includes a gain component associated with a predetermined gain, and the second reference voltage is equal to the amplified voltage multiplied by the predetermined gain in magnitude. In yet another example, the signal generator is configured for pulse-width modulation and/or pulse-frequency modulation. In yet another example, the amplified voltage increases with the output current in magnitude. In yet another example, the one or more first components further include a cable line, through at least the first diode and the cable line, the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal. In yet another example, the one or more second components include a second diode, a first resistor, and a second resistor, the first resistor and the second resistor both coupled to the first terminal. In yet another example, the error amplifier, the compensation component, the summation component, the signal generator, and the gate driver are located on a chip. In yet another example, the chip includes the first terminal and a second terminal, the second terminal being coupled to the error amplifier, the compensation component, and the signal generator. In yet another example, the signal generator includes the PWM/PFM generator 320 and the logic control component 325.

According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method for regulating an output voltage by a switching-mode power conversion system includes receiving an input voltage by a primary winding. Additionally, the method includes generating, at an output terminal, an output voltage and an output current based on at least information associated with the input voltage, by a secondary winding and one or more first components, the one or more first components including a first diode, through at least the first diode the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal. Moreover, the method includes generating, at a first terminal, a detected voltage based on at least information associated with the output voltage, by an auxiliary winding and one or more second components. Also, the method includes receiving the detected voltage and a first reference voltage by an error amplifier, generating an amplified voltage based on at least information associated with a difference between the detected voltage and the first reference voltage, and receiving the amplified voltage by a compensation component. Additionally, the method includes generating a second reference voltage based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, receiving the second reference voltage and a predetermined reference voltage by a summation component, and generating the first reference voltage equal to the second reference voltage and a predetermined reference voltage in magnitude. Moreover, the method includes receiving at least the amplified voltage by a signal generator, generating one or more control signals based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, receiving the one or more control signals by a gate driver, and generating a drive signal based on at least information associated with the one or more control signals. Also, the method includes receiving the drive signal by a switch, and affecting a first current flowing through the primary winding, based on at least information associated with the drive signal. The process for generating a second reference voltage is performed such that the output voltage is substantially independent of the output current. For example, the method for regulating an output voltage is implemented according to at least FIG. 3. In another example, the switching-mode power conversion system is implemented according to at least FIGS. 3 and 7. In yet another example, the second reference voltage is equal to the amplified voltage multiplied by a predetermined gain in magnitude. In yet another example, the signal generator includes the PWM/PFM generator 320 and the logic control component 325.

Returning to FIG. 4, for example, the compensation signal 452 is used to compensate for the voltage drops of the diode 480 (i.e., the diode D2) and the output cable line, at different output loading conditions. Thus, the output voltage V_(out) can be obtained as follows.

$\begin{matrix} {V_{out} = {{k \times V_{ref}} + {\frac{1}{n}V_{D\; 1}} - {V_{D\; 2}\left( I_{o} \right)} - {I_{o} \times r} + {k\frac{R_{1} \times R_{2}}{R_{1} + R_{2}}\Delta \; I_{LC}}}} & (18) \end{matrix}$

where V_(out) and I_(o) are the output voltage and the output current of the system 400 respectively. Additionally, n is the turn ratio of the auxiliary winding 474 to the secondary winding 472. V_(D1) and V_(D2) are the forward voltages across the diodes 484 and 480 respectively. Moreover, r is the resistance of the output cable line, V_(ref) is the voltage level of a reference signal 462, and ΔI_(LC) represents the compensation signal 452. As shown in FIG. 4, the compensation signal 452 depends on output loading conditions. Also,

$\begin{matrix} {k = \frac{R_{1} + R_{2}}{n \times R_{2}}} & (19) \end{matrix}$

where R₁ and R₂ are the resistance of the resistors 412 and 414, respectively.

$\begin{matrix} {\mspace{79mu} {{{If}\mspace{14mu} V_{D\; 2}} = {{V_{D\; 2}(0)} + {\Delta \; {V_{D\; 2}\left( I_{0} \right)}}}}} & (20) \\ {\mspace{79mu} {{then}\mspace{14mu} {V_{out} = {{k \times V_{ref}} + {\frac{1}{n}V_{D\; 1}} - {V_{D\; 2}(0)} - {\Delta \; {V_{D\; 2}\left( I_{o} \right)}} - {I_{o} \times r} + {k\frac{R_{1} \times R_{2}}{R_{1} + R_{2}}\Delta \; I_{LC}}}}}} & (21) \end{matrix}$

where V_(D2) (0) denotes the forward voltage of the diode 480 with zero current that flows through the diode 480.

$\begin{matrix} {{If}\mspace{14mu} {{k\frac{R_{1} \times R_{2}}{R_{1} + R_{2}}\Delta \; I_{LC}} = {{\Delta \; {V_{D\; 2}\left( I_{o} \right)}} + {I_{o} \times r}}}} & (22) \\ {{then}{V_{out} = {{k \times V_{ref}} + {\frac{1}{n}V_{D\; 1}} - {V_{D\; 2}(0)}}}} & (23) \end{matrix}$

As shown in Equation 23, the output voltage V_(out) is independent of the output current I_(o), if Equation 22 is satisfied according to certain embodiments of the present invention. For example, changing R₁ and R₂ while keeping their ratio the same would change ΔI_(LC) that is required to satisfy Equation 22. In another example, ΔI_(LC), with at least resistors R₁ and R₂, generates an offset voltage at the terminal 492 in order to compensate for the voltage drops across the diode 480 and the output cable line.

FIG. 8 is a simplified diagram showing certain components for load compensation in the switching-mode power conversion system 400 according to an embodiment of the present invention. This diagram is merely an example, which should not unduly limit the scope of the claims. One of ordinary skill in the art would recognize many variations, alternatives, and modifications.

As shown in FIGS. 4 and 8, V_(CMP) is generated by the error amplifier 410 and received by the load compensation component 450. For example, the load compensation component 450 includes a transistor 850, an amplifier 860, and a resistor 870. In another example, the amplifier 860 receives V_(CMP) and a voltage signal 862 from a node 872, determines a difference between V_(CMP) and the voltage signal 862, and generate an amplified voltage 864. The amplified voltage 864 is received by the gate of the transistor 850. As shown in FIG. 8, the source of the transistor 850 is connected to the resistor 870 at the node 872, and the drain of the transistor 850 generates the current ΔI_(LC) that flows between the terminal 492 and the drain of the transistor 850.

In one embodiment, V_(CMP) is converted to ΔI_(LC) by the transistor 850, the amplifier 860, and the resistor 870, as follows.

$\begin{matrix} {{\Delta \; I_{LC}} = \frac{V_{CMP}}{R_{L}}} & (24) \\ {{or}\; {{\Delta \; L_{L\; C}} = {G_{m} \times V_{CMP}}}} & (25) \end{matrix}$

where R_(L) is the resistance of the resistor 870, and G_(m) is the corresponding conductance. According to certain embodiments, R_(L) is predetermined in order to approximately satisfy Equation 22, so that V_(out) can be approximated by Equation 23 and substantially independent of the output current I_(o).

According to another embodiment of the present invention, a switching-mode power conversion system includes a primary winding configured to receive an input voltage, and a secondary winding coupled to the primary winding and configured to, with one or more first components, generate, at an output terminal, an output voltage and an output current. Additionally, the system includes an auxiliary winding coupled to the secondary winding and configured to, with at least one or more second components, generate, at a first terminal, a detected voltage. Moreover, the system includes an error amplifier configured to receive the detected voltage and a predetermined reference voltage and generate an amplified voltage based on at least information associated with a difference between the detected voltage and the predetermined reference voltage. Also, the system includes a compensation component configured to receive the amplified voltage and generate a compensation current based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, the compensation current flowing between the first terminal and the compensation component. Additionally, the system includes a signal generator configured to receive at least the amplified voltage and generate one or more control signals based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, a gate driver configured to receive the one or more control signals and generate a drive signal based on at least information associated with the one or more control signals, and a switch configured to receive the drive signal and affect a first current flowing through the primary winding. The one or more first components include a first diode, through at least the first diode the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal. The compensation component is further configured to generate the compensation current such that the output voltage is substantially independent of the output current. For example, the switching-mode power conversion system is implemented according to at least FIG. 4. In another example, the switching-mode power conversion system is implemented according to at least FIGS. 4 and 8.

In yet another example, the compensation component includes a compensation transistor, a compensation amplifier, and a compensation resistor, the compensation resistor being associated with a compensation resistance, the compensation amplifier is configured to receive at least the amplified voltage and coupled to both the compensation transistor and the compensation resistor, the compensation transistor is coupled to at least the compensation resistor and configured to generate the compensation current, and the compensation current is equal to the amplified voltage divided by the compensation resistance in magnitude.

In yet another example, the signal generator is configured for pulse-width modulation and/or pulse-frequency modulation. In yet another example, the amplified voltage increases with the output current in magnitude. In yet another example, the one or more first components further include a cable line, through at least the first diode and the cable line, the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal. In yet another example, the one or more second components include a second diode, a first resistor, and a second resistor, the first resistor and the second resistor both coupled to the first terminal. In yet another example, the error amplifier, the compensation component, the signal generator, and the gate driver are located on a chip. In yet another example, the chip includes the first terminal and a second terminal, the second terminal being coupled to the error amplifier, the compensation component, and the signal generator. In yet another example, the signal generator includes the PWM/PFM generator 420 and the logic control component 425.

According to yet another embodiment of the present invention, a method for regulating an output voltage by a switching-mode power conversion system, the method includes receiving an input voltage by a primary winding. Additionally, the method includes generating, at an output terminal, an output voltage and an output current based on at least information associated with the input voltage, by a secondary winding and one or more first components, the one or more first components including a first diode, through at least the first diode the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal. Moreover, the method includes generating, at a first terminal, a detected voltage based on at least information associated with the output voltage, by an auxiliary winding and one or more second components. Also, the method includes receiving the detected voltage and a predetermined reference voltage by an error amplifier, generating an amplified voltage based on at least information associated with a difference between the detected voltage and the predetermined reference voltage, and receiving the amplified voltage by a compensation component. Additionally, the method includes generating a compensation current based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, the compensation current flowing between the first terminal and the compensation component. Moreover, the method includes receiving at least the amplified voltage by a signal generator, generating one or more control signals based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, receiving the one or more control signals by a gate driver, and generating a drive signal based on at least information associated with the one or more control signals. Also, the method includes receiving the drive signal by a switch, and affecting a first current flowing through the primary winding, based on at least information associated with the drive signal. The process for generating a compensation current is performed such that the output voltage is substantially independent of the output current. For example, the method for regulating an output voltage is implemented according to at least FIG. 4. In another example, the switching-mode power conversion system is implemented according to at least FIGS. 4 and 8.

In yet another example, the compensation current is equal to the amplified voltage divided by a compensation resistance in magnitude, the compensation resistance being associated with a compensation resistor, the compensation resistor being at least a part of the compensation component. In yet another example, the compensation current is equal to the amplified voltage multiplied by a compensation conductance in magnitude, the compensation conductance being associated with a conductance component, the conductance component being at least a part of the compensation component. In yet another example, the signal generator includes the PWM/PFM generator 420 and the logic control component 425.

Many benefits are achieved by way of the present invention over conventional techniques. Certain embodiments of the present invention reduce parts count and/or system cost. Some embodiments of the present invention improve reliability and/or efficiency. Certain embodiments of the present invention simplify circuit designs. Some embodiments of the present invention improve load regulation of the flyback power conversion system with pulse-width-modulation (PWM) control and primary-side regulation.

Although specific embodiments of the present invention have been described, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that there are other embodiments that are equivalent to the described embodiments. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited by the specific illustrated embodiments, but only by the scope of the appended claims. 

1. A switching-mode power conversion system, the system comprising: a primary winding configured to receive an input voltage; a secondary winding coupled to the primary winding and configured to, with one or more first components, generate, at an output terminal, an output voltage and an output current; an auxiliary winding coupled to the secondary winding and configured to, with one or more second components, generate, at a first terminal, a detected voltage; an error amplifier configured to receive the detected voltage and a first reference voltage and generate an amplified voltage based on at least information associated with a difference between the detected voltage and the first reference voltage; a compensation component configured to receive the amplified voltage and generate a second reference voltage based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage; a summation component configured to receive the second reference voltage and a predetermined reference voltage and generate the first reference voltage; a signal generator configured to receive at least the amplified voltage and generate one or more control signals based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage; a gate driver configured to receive the one or more control signals and generate a drive signal based on at least information associated with the one or more control signals; and a switch configured to receive the drive signal and affect a first current flowing through the primary winding; wherein: the one or more first components include a first diode, through at least the first diode the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal; and the compensation component is further configured to generate the second reference voltage such that the output voltage is substantially independent of the output current.
 2. The system of claim 1 wherein: the compensation component includes a gain component associated with a predetermined gain; the second reference voltage is equal to the amplified voltage multiplied by the predetermined gain in magnitude.
 3. The system of claim 2 wherein the signal generator is configured for pulse-width modulation and/or pulse-frequency modulation.
 4. The system of claim 3 wherein the amplified voltage increases with the output current in magnitude.
 5. The system of claim 2 wherein the one or more first components further include a cable line, through at least the first diode and the cable line, the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal.
 6. The system of claim 5 wherein the one or more second components include a second diode, a first resistor, and a second resistor, the first resistor and the second resistor both coupled to the first terminal.
 7. The system of claim 1 wherein the error amplifier, the compensation component, the summation component, the signal generator, and the gate driver are located on a chip.
 8. The system of claim 7 wherein the chip includes the first terminal and a second terminal, the second terminal being coupled to the error amplifier, the compensation component, and the signal generator.
 9. A switching-mode power conversion system, the system comprising: a primary winding configured to receive an input voltage; a secondary winding coupled to the primary winding and configured to, with one or more first components, generate, at an output terminal, an output voltage and an output current; an auxiliary winding coupled to the secondary winding and configured to, with at least one or more second components, generate, at a first terminal, a detected voltage; an error amplifier configured to receive the detected voltage and a predetermined reference voltage and generate an amplified voltage based on at least information associated with a difference between the detected voltage and the predetermined reference voltage; a compensation component configured to receive the amplified voltage and generate a compensation current based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, the compensation current flowing between the first terminal and the compensation component; a signal generator configured to receive at least the amplified voltage and generate one or more control signals based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage; a gate driver configured to receive the one or more control signals and generate a drive signal based on at least information associated with the one or more control signals; and a switch configured to receive the drive signal and affect a first current flowing through the primary winding; wherein: the one or more first components include a first diode, through at least the first diode the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal; and the compensation component is further configured to generate the compensation current such that the output voltage is substantially independent of the output current. 10.-14. (canceled)
 15. The system of claim 9 wherein the error amplifier, the compensation component, the signal generator, and the gate driver are located on a chip.
 16. The system of claim 15 wherein the chip includes the first terminal and a second terminal, the second terminal being coupled to the error amplifier, the compensation component, and the signal generator.
 17. A method for regulating an output voltage by a switching-mode power conversion system, the method comprising: receiving an input voltage by a primary winding; generating, at an output terminal, an output voltage and an output current based on at least information associated with the input voltage, by a secondary winding and one or more first components, the one or more first components including a first diode, through at least the first diode the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal; generating, at a first terminal, a detected voltage based on at least information associated with the output voltage, by an auxiliary winding and one or more second components; receiving the detected voltage and a first reference voltage by an error amplifier; generating an amplified voltage based on at least information associated with a difference between the detected voltage and the first reference voltage; receiving the amplified voltage by a compensation component; generating a second reference voltage based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage; receiving the second reference voltage and a predetermined reference voltage by a summation component; generating the first reference voltage equal to the second reference voltage and a predetermined reference voltage in magnitude; receiving at least the amplified voltage by a signal generator; generating one or more control signals based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage; receiving the one or more control signals by a gate driver; generating a drive signal based on at least information associated with the one or more control signals; receiving the drive signal by a switch; and affecting a first current flowing through the primary winding, based on at least information associated with the drive signal; wherein the process for generating a second reference voltage is performed such that the output voltage is substantially independent of the output current.
 18. The method of claim 17 wherein the second reference voltage is equal to the amplified voltage multiplied by a predetermined gain in magnitude.
 19. A method for regulating an output voltage by a switching-mode power conversion system, the method comprising: receiving an input voltage by a primary winding; generating, at an output terminal, an output voltage and an output current based on at least information associated with the input voltage, by a secondary winding and one or more first components, the one or more first components including a first diode, through at least the first diode the secondary winding being coupled to the output terminal; generating, at a first terminal, a detected voltage based on at least information associated with the output voltage, by an auxiliary winding and one or more second components; receiving the detected voltage and a predetermined reference voltage by an error amplifier; generating an amplified voltage based on at least information associated with a difference between the detected voltage and the predetermined reference voltage; receiving the amplified voltage by a compensation component; generating a compensation current based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage, the compensation current flowing between the first terminal and the compensation component; receiving at least the amplified voltage by a signal generator; generating one or more control signals based on at least information associated with the amplified voltage; receiving the one or more control signals by a gate driver; generating a drive signal based on at least information associated with the one or more control signals; receiving the drive signal by a switch; and affecting a first current flowing through the primary winding, based on at least information associated with the drive signal; wherein the process for generating a compensation current is performed such that the output voltage is substantially independent of the output current.
 20. The method of claim 19 wherein the compensation current is equal to the amplified voltage divided by a compensation resistance in magnitude, the compensation resistance being associated with a compensation resistor, the compensation resistor being at least a part of the compensation component.
 21. The method of claim 19 wherein the compensation current is equal to the amplified voltage multiplied by a compensation conductance in magnitude, the compensation conductance being associated with a conductance component, the conductance component being at least a part of the compensation component. 